The Elbow

Basic Functinal Examination

Basic Principles: Resisted movements

A maximal isometric contraction is asked for and held for a few seconds.

These manoeuvres test mainly the contracile structures (muscle-tendon system and its innervation.
Resisted movements are always performed isometrically, on a joint in a neutral (midrange) position.
The joint should not move when maximal resistance is applied.
The position of the examiner must therefore be such that the force exerted by the patient can easily be resisted.

Resisted movements test for Pain and Strength.
These two criteria may exist in isolation or combined

Pain: The patient must understand the diference between 'the pain' and 'an' unpleasant feeling due to the muscular tension or the counterpressure exerted by the examiner.
Strength.: Always compare with the unaffected side.